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The Hurst's the Heart Central Illustrations provide you with a concise view and a visual summary of the chapter quickly and clearly. We have simplified the presentation of text and data in this visual snapshot of every chapter in Hurst's the Heart.
Hurst's Central Illustration: Risk Factors for Hypertension and Risks of the Condition
Various risk factors are associated with the development of hypertension, which in turn increases the risk of the development of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease.
Hurst's Central Illustration: Pathophysiology of Hypertension
The pathophysiology of hypertension involves the impairment of renal pressure natriuresis, the feedback system in which high blood pressure induces an increase in sodium and water excretion by the kidney that leads to a reduction of the blood pressure. Pressure natriuresis can result from impaired renal function, inappropriate activation of hormones that regulate salt and water excretion by the kidney (such as those in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), or excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Hurst's Central Illustration: Treatment of Patients with Hypertension
Treatment of patients with hypertension usually requires both lifestyle and pharmacological intervention. *In most cases; interventional therapies (such as renal denervation and baroreflex activation therapy) are being investigated for individuals with drug-resistant hypertension. †Smoking cessation does not lower blood pressure, but is important in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. ‡Choice depends on presence of concomitant disease and risk factors.
Hurst's Central Illustration: The Metabolic Syndrome
Factors that contribute to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for metabolic syndrome. *Various guidelines require the coexistence of at least 2-3 of these factors.
Hurst's Central Illustration: Pathophysiology of Obesity and Consequential Cardiovascular Disease
Pathophysiology of obesity and consequential cardiovascular disease. Genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors all contribute to obesity. Obesity causes changes to the hypothalamic regulation of appetite that make it challenging to reduce adiposity and maintain any weight loss, and thereby promote obesity. Obesity also promotes the behavioural factors that promote obesity; for example, by causing psychological changes to food preferences (toward foods with greater caloric density with high fat and sugar content), by making physical activity more difficult, and by increasing the risk of sleep apnea and thereby impacting negatively on sleep hygiene. Obesity is also associated with alterations in adiposity-accumulation of intra-abdominal fat and of lipids within muscles and liver cells-that result in insulin resistance and dysregulated secretion of adipokines, which lead to diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome, and can eventually result in the development of cardiovascular disease.