RT Book, Section A1 Phillips, Raymond E. SR Print(0) ID 1175311731 T1 Venous Valvular Reflux T2 Venous Insufficiency YR 2021 FD 2021 PB McGraw Hill PP New York, NY SN 9781260461268 LK accesscardiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1175311731 RD 2024/04/19 AB Disorders of the valves may affect the veins of the superficial, the perforating, or the deep systems. Often, they occur in combination. The character and severity of symptoms will depend on which of these systems is predominantly affected.