RT Book, Section A1 Nieman, Koen A1 Lee, David P. A1 Silvestry, Frank E. A2 Samady, Habib A2 Fearon, William F. A2 Yeung, Alan C. A2 King III, Spencer B. SR Print(0) ID 1146596094 T1 Intracardiac Echocardiography in the Catheterization Laboratory T2 Interventional Cardiology, 2e YR 2017 FD 2017 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9780071820363 LK accesscardiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1146596094 RD 2024/03/29 AB Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) modality that provides diagnostic imaging of cardiac structures from within the heart and has become widely used for guiding noncoronary interventions in the catheterization and electrophysiology laboratories. The first IVUS catheters used high-frequency transducers (20-40 MHz) containing a single ultrasound crystal that rapidly rotated at the end of the catheter, producing a radial 2-dimensional image.1 This type of high-frequency IVUS transducer provides excellent spatial resolution in the near field, making it uniquely suited for imaging the coronary arteries and other small vessels. The main limitation of IVUS in this frequency domain, however, is the short imaging depth (several millimeters).1,2 To accomplish ICE imaging from atria to apex, lower frequency transducers (5-12 MHz) have been miniaturized and mounted onto catheters capable of percutaneous insertion and manipulation within the heart.1,3-7 These lower frequency transducers are capable of greater tissue penetration and imaging depth, permitting high-resolution two-dimensional imaging of the whole heart.2,8-11 The earliest experiences with such low-frequency ICE catheters were described in the late 1970s and early 1980s.3,4 More recently, with the introduction of the newest phased array transducers, full Doppler flow data can be obtained.