TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Hypertension
A1  - Hall, Michael E.
A1  - Hall, John E.
A1  - Whelton,  Paul K.
A2  - Fuster, Valentin
A2  - Narula, Jagat
A2  - Vaishnava, Prashant
A2  - Leon, Martin B.
A2  - Callans, David J.
A2  - Rumsfeld, John
A2  - Poppas, Athena
Y1  - 2022
N1  - 
T2  - Fuster and Hurst's The Heart, 15e
AB  - Chapter  SummaryThis  chapter  reviews  the  epidemiology,  pathophysiology,  diagnosis,  and  treatment  of  hypertension.  The  worldwide  prevalence  of  hypertension  is  increasing  with  an  aging  population  and  increased  prevalence  of  overweight  and  obesity.  Hypertension  is  one  of  the  strongest  risk  factors  for  cardiovascular  diseases  (myocardial  infarction,  heart  failure,  atrial  fibrillation,  and  stroke),  kidney  disease,  dementia,  and  overall  mortality.  Modifiable  risk  factors  for  hypertension  include  poor  diet,  excessive  sodium  intake,  reduced  physical  activity,  excessive  weight  gain,  and  alcohol  intake  (see  Fuster  and  Hurst’s  Central  Illustration).  Strategies  focused  on  lifestyle  modifications  provide  the  cornerstone  for  the  treatment  and  prevention  of  hypertension,  although  medications  are  often  required  to  control  blood  pressure  adequately.  Effective  control  of  blood  pressure  clearly  reduces  the  risk  for  cardiovascular,  kidney  and  brain  disease,  and  death.  Despite  the  availability  of  effective  and  inexpensive  medications  to  control  blood  pressure,  worldwide  hypertension  control  continues  to  be  unsatisfactory,  with  control  rates  in  the  United  States  <50%  and  as  low  as  8%  to  14%  in  low-  and  middle-income  countries.  Unrecognized  hypertension,  patient  nonadherence,  and  clinician  inertia  perpetuate  this  problem.  Recent  clinical  trials  indicate  that  blood  pressure  targets  should  be  even  lower  than  recommended  in  previous  hypertension  guidelines  for  more  effective  reduction  of  cardiovascular  disease  risk.  Patient  engagement  in  the  treatment  plan,  home  blood  pressure  monitoring  (HBPM),  and  telehealth  strategies  may  help  improve  hypertension  control  rates.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2023/02/07
UR  - accesscardiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1191369495
ER  -