TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Renal Complications of Contrast Media
A1  - Prasad, Anand
A1  - McCullough, Peter A.
A2  - Samady, Habib
A2  - Fearon, William F.
A2  - Yeung, Alan C.
A2  - King III, Spencer B.
Y1  - 2017
N1  - 
T2  - Interventional Cardiology, 2e
AB  - Radiocontrast  was  first  described  to  cause  nephrotoxicity  in  the  1960s.1,2  Contrast-induced  nephropathy  (CIN),  now  termed  contrast-induced  acute  kidney  injury  (CI-AKI),  is  likely  to  increase  in  frequency  over  the  next  10  to  15  years.  This  rise  is  largely  due  to  increasing  use  of  radiocontrast  studies  in  patients  who  are  older,  sicker,  or  have  attendant  comorbidities  such  as  diabetes  mellitus,  renal  failure,  cardiac  failure,  and  volume  depletion.3  CI-AKI  is  currently  described  as  the  third  most  common  cause  of  hospital  acquired  renal  failure,  accounting  for  approximately  11%  of  cases.4  The  incidence  of  CI-AKI  reported  in  the  literature  has  ranged  between  1%  and  45%,  largely  depending  on  the  comorbidities  of  the  study  population,  the  clinical  scenario  in  which  the  contrast  is  given,  and  the  parameters  used  to  define  CI-AKI.5  With  more  than  a  million  radiocontrast  procedures  performed  annually  in  the  United  States,  the  incidence  of  CI-AKI  is  approximately  150,000  cases  per  year.  At  least  1%  of  these  episodes  require  dialysis  therapy  (in  half  of  patients,  it  will  be  permanent)  with  prolongation  of  hospital  stay  to  an  average  of  17  days,  with  an  additional  cost  of  approximately  $32  million  annually.  For  episodes  that  do  not  require  dialysis,  the  average  prolongation  of  the  hospital  stay  is  2  days  (at  $500  per  day),  and  this  translates  to  an  added  cost  of  $148  million  annually.6,7  The  incidence  and  costs  are  higher  in  critically  ill  patients,  who  have  associated  comorbidities  such  as  hypotension,  hypovolemia,  diabetes,  and  congestive  heart  failure.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/20
UR  - accesscardiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1146596927
ER  -