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CHAPTER SUMMARY AND CENTRAL ILLUSTRATION
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A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Procedure-Controlled Trial of an Interatrial Shunt in Patients with HFrEF and HFpEF - RELIEVE-HF
The Ventura interatrial shunt (IAS; V-Wave Ltd.) has been shown to decrease filling pressures and alleviate symptoms in patients with heart failure (HF). Read More
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CASTLE-HTx Trial: Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in End-Stage Heart Failure
Prior trials of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction excluded the end-stage heart failure population. Read More
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Qiliqiangxin in heart failUre: assESsment of reduction in mortality (QUEST) Study
Qiliqiangxin is a traditional Chinese medication comprised of 11 herbs that has been shown in pre-clinical and pilot studies to improve heart failure symptoms and reduce N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and cardiac remodeling in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Read More
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MitraClip Continues to Outperform Medical Therapy Alone at 5-years, but Event Rates Remain High
The COAPT trial investigators randomized 614 patients with heart failure with left ventricular reduced ejection fraction (20-50%) on maximally tolerated guideline-directed medical therapy and symptomatic moderate-to-severe or severe secondary mitral regurgitation to either transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) with the MitraClip (Abbott) (n = 302) or medical therapy alone (n = 312). Read More
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Effectiveness of Intravenous Iron Treatment Versus Standard Care in Patients With Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency (IRONMAN)
The IRONMAN study was a prospective, randomized trial comparing intravenous iron to usual care in patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction (with a history of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-IV symptoms) and iron deficiency (transferrin saturation <20% or serum ferritin <100µg/L). Read More
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Chapter Summary
This chapter discusses the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), mid-range EF (HFmrEF) and recovered EF (HFrecEF), clinical syndromes that involve a complex interplay between myocardial, vascular, hemodynamic neurohormonal, and comorbid factors (see Fuster and Hurst’s Central Illustration). Early diagnosis and treatment of heart failure can improve quality of life and reduce rates of hospitalization and death. Cardinal manifestations of heart failure include dyspnea, which may limit exercise tolerance, and fluid retention, which may lead to pulmonary, splanchnic and peripheral edema. Foundational pharmacological therapies for chronic heart failure include diuretics, beta blockers, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, aldosterone receptor antagonists, and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Certain heart failure patients may benefit from device-based therapies such as implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Considering the high morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure, it is essential to appropriately diagnose and employ guideline directed medical therapy.
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The syndrome of heart failure has existed since humans first began to document ...