| βARK1 | βAR kinase 1 |
| 1D | one-dimensional |
| 2D | two-dimensional |
| 3D | three-dimensional |
| 4D | four-dimensional |
| 5-HT | 5-hydroxytryptamine |
| 99mTc | technetium-99m |
| AAA | abdominal aortic aneurysm |
| AAC | American College of Cardiology |
| AACE | American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists |
| AAD | antiarrhythmic drug |
| AAR | area at risk |
| AAV | antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody- associated vasculitides |
| AAV1 | adeno-associated virus 1 |
| ABI | ankle-brachial index |
| ABL | ablation catheter |
| ABR | arterial-bronchial diameter ratio |
| ACA | anterior cerebral artery |
| ACAT | acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterolacyltransferase |
| ACC | American College of Cardiology |
| ACCF | American College of Cardiology Foundation |
| ACE | angiotensin- converting enzyme |
| ACEI | angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor |
| ACHA | Adult Congenital Heart Association |
| ACHD | adult congenital heart disease |
| ACM | arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy |
| A-CMP | alcoholic cardiomyopathy |
| ACS | acute coronary syndrome |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| ACUITY | Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy |
| AD | autosomal dominant |
| ADA | American Diabetes Association |
| ADCM | atrial dilated cardiomyopathy |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone |
| ADHERE | Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry |
| ADM | adrenomedullin |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate |
| AEC | absolute eosinophilic count |
| AED | automated external defibrillator |
| AF | atrial fibrillation |
| AFD | Anderson Fabry disease |
| Afib | atrial fibrillation |
| AFL | atrial flutter |
| AHA | American Heart Association |
| A-HeFT | African American Heart Failure Trial |
| AHF | acute heart failure |
| AHI | apnea-hypopnea index |
| AI | aortic insufficiency |
| A-IAB | advanced interatrial block |
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| AIVR | accelerated idioventricular rhythm |
| AKI | acute renal injury |
| AL | allostatic load; light chain (amyloidosis) |
| ALL | acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
| AMA | American Medical Association |
| AMC | aorto-mitral continuity |
| AME | apparent mineralocorticoid excess |
| AMI | acute myocardial infarction |
| AMP | adenosine monophosphate |
| ANA | antinuclear antibodies |
| ANCA | antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody |
| Ang II | angiotensin II |
| ANP | atrial natriuretic peptide |
| Ao | aorta |
| AoP | aortic pressure |
| AoV | aortic valve |
| AP | anteroposterior |
| APAH | associated pulmonary arterial hypertension |
| APC | angiogenic progenitor cell |
| APD | action potential duration |
| APHRS | Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Association |
| apo | apolipoprotein |
| apo(a) | apolipoprotein(a) |
| apoE | apolipoprotein E |
| APS | antiphospholipid syndrome |
| aPTT | activated partial thromboplastin time |
| APVR | anomalous pulmonary venous return |
| AR | adrenergic receptor; aortic regurgitation; autosomal recessive |
| ARB | angiotensin receptor blocker |
| ARC | arrhythmogenic right, left, and biventricular cardiomyopathy |
| ARF | acute rheumatic fever |
| ARH | autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia |
| ARIC | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities |
| ARNI | angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition |
| ARVC | arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy |
| AS | aortic stenosis |
| ASA | alcohol septal ablation; aspirin |
| ASCVD | atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
| ASD | atrial septal defect |
| ASE | American Society of Echocardiography |
| ASNC | American Society of Nuclear Cardiology |
| ASO | arteriosclerosis obliterans |
| ASV | adaptive servo-ventilation |
| AT III | antithrombin 3 |
| AT | antithrombin; atrial tachycardia |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate; antitachycardia pacing |
| ATPase | adenosine triphosphatase |
| ATS | arterial tortuosity syndrome |
| ATTR | transthyretin (amyloidosis) |
| AU | arbitrary units |
| AUC | appropriate use criteria |
| AV | aortic valve; arteriovenous; atrioventricular |
| AVA | aortic valve area |
| AVB | atrioventricular block |
| AVID | Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (registry) |
| AVM | arteriovenous malformation |
| AVNRT | atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia |
| A-VO2 | arteriovenous oxygen difference |
| AVP | arginine vasopressin |
| AVR | aortic valve replacement |
| AVRT | atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia |
| B19V | human parvovirus B19 |
| BARC | Bleeding Academic Research Consortium |
| BAT | baroreflex activation therapy |
| BAV | bicuspid aortic valve |
| BB | β-blocker |
| BBR | bundle-branch reentry |
| BH4 | tetrahydroxybiopterin |
| BiPAP | bilevel positive airway pressure |
| BM | bone marrow |
| BMI | body mass index |
| BMMNC | bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell |
| BMP | bone morphogenetic protein |
| BMS | bare metal stent |
| BMV | balloon mitral valvotomy |
| BNP | B-type natriuretic peptide; brain natriuretic peptide |
| BOLD | Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study |
| BP | blood pressure |
| BPD | biliopancreatic diversion with or without duodenal switch |
| BREATHE-5 | Bosentan Randomized Trial of Endothelin Antagonist Therapy-5 |
| BRS | baroreflex sensitivity; bioresorbable scaffolds |
| BrS | Brugada syndrome |
| BSA | body surface area |
| BTT | bridge to transplantation |
| BV | biventricular |
| BVS | bioresorbable vascular scaffold |
| Ca | calcium |
| CA | cancer antigen |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| CAC | coronary artery calcium/calcification |
| CACS | coronary artery calcium score |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| CAH | congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
| Cai | intracellular calcium |
| CAID | chronic atrial and intestinal dysrhythmia |
| CaMKII | calcium-calmodulin kinase II |
| cAMP | cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| CAR | coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor |
| Carl | cardiac apoptosis-related lncRNA |
| CAS | coronary artery stenting |
| cath lab | catheterization laboratory |
| CAV | cardiac allograft vasculopathy |
| CCA | common carotid artery |
| CCB | calcium channel blocker |
| CCS | Canadian Cardiovascular Society; computed tomography-derived coronary artery calcium/calcification score |
| CCTA | cardiac/coronary computed tomography angiography |
| CD | Chagas disease |
| CDC | cardiosphere-derived cell |
| CDLS | Cornelia de Lange syndrome |
| CDRIE | cardiac device–related infective endocarditis |
| CDT | catheter-directed thrombolysis |
| CEA | carcinoembryonic antigen; |
| carotid endarterectomy |
| CE-CMR | contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance |
| CE-MRA | contrast- enhanced magnetic resonance angiography |
| CETP | cholesteryl ester transfer protein |
| CFD | color-flow Doppler; computational fluid dynamics |
| CFR | coronary flow reserve |
| CGM | continuous glucose monitoring |
| cGMP | cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate |
| CHA2DS2-VASc | congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke/transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65-74 years, sex category |
| CHADS2 | congestive heart failure, hypertension, age 75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke |
| CHARM | Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity |
| Chast | cardiac hypertrophy-associated transcript |
| CHD | congenital heart disease; coronary heart disease |
| CHP | capillary hydrostatic pressure |
| CI | chronotropic incompetence; confidence interval |
| CICR | calcium-induced calcium release |
| CIED | cardiac/cardiovascular implantable electronic device |
| CIN | contrast-induced nephropathy |
| CIPO | chronic intestinal pseudo- obstruction |
| CK | creatine kinase |
| CKD | chronic kidney disease |
| CK-MB | creatine kinase myocardial band |
| CLI | critical limb ischemia |
| CLS | closed loop stimulation |
| CM | cardiomyopathy |
| CMAP | compound motor action potential |
| CMD | coronary microvascular disease/dysfunction |
| CMDS | cardiometabolic disease staging system |
| CML | chronic myeloid leukemia |
| CMP | cardiomyopathy |
| CMR | cardiac/ cardiovascular magnetic resonance |
| cMRI | cardiac magnetic resonance imaging |
| CMS | Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services |
| cMs | centimorgans |
| CMV | closed mitral valvotomy |
| CNI | calcineurin inhibitor |
| CNP | C-type natriuretic peptide |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CO | carbon monoxide; cardiac output |
| CO2 | carbon dioxide |
| CONCOR | CONgenital CORvitia |
| CoNS | coagulase- negative staphylococci |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| COPE | Colchicine for Acute Pericarditis |
| COX | cyclooxygenase |
| CP | constrictive pericarditis |
| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure |
| CPB | cardiopulmonary bypass |
| CPET | cardiopulmonary exercise testing |
| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| CPTP | cyclopentyltriazolopyrimidine |
| CPVT | catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia |
| CR | cardiac rehabilitation |
| Cr | creatinine |
| CRCD | chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction |
| CREDO | Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events during Observation; Coalition to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes |
| CRIS | Cardiac Risk Index Score |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| CRT | cardiac resynchronization therapy |
| CS | carcinoid syndrome; coronary sinus |
| CS2 | carbon disulfide |
| CSA | central sleep apnea; cross-sectional area |
| CsA | cyclosporine A |
| CSNRT | corrected sinus node recovery time |
| CSR | Cheyne-Stokes respiration |
| CSS | Churg-Strauss syndrome |
| CT FFR | computed tomography fractional flow reserve |
| CT | computed tomography |
| CTA | computed tomography angiography |
| CTCAE | Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events |
| CTEPH | chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension |
| CTLA4 | cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 |
| cTn | cardiac troponin |
| cTnI | cardiac troponin I |
| cTnT | cardiac troponin T |
| CTP | computed tomography perfusion |
| CTPA | computed tomography pulmonary angiography |
| CTRCD | chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction |
| CURE | Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Ischemic Events |
| CURRENT | Clopidogrel Optimal Loading Dose Usage to Reduce Recurrent Events- Organization to Assess Strategies in Ischemic Syndromes |
| CV | cardiovascular |
| CV-B3 | coxsackievirus B3 |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| CVR | coronary vasodilatory reserve |
| CW | continuous-wave |
| Cx | circumflex |
| CYFRA 21-1 | cytokeratin 19 fragment |
| CYP | cytochrome P450 |
| CZT | cadmium-zinc-telluride (detector) |
| D2B | Door-to-Balloon Initiative |
| DAD | delayed afterpolarization |
| DAG | diacylglycerol |
| DALY | disability-adjusted life-year |
| DAPT | dual antiplatelet therapy |
| DASH | Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension |
| DBP | diastolic blood pressure |
| DBT | door-to-balloon time |
| DC | direct current |
| DCA | directional coronary atherectomy |
| DCD | donation after circulatory death |
| DCM | dilated cardiomyopathy |
| DCM-DYS | dilated cardiodystrophinopathy |
| DCM-EMD | dilated cardioemerinopathy |
| DCM-LMNA | dilated cardiolaminopathy |
| DENSE | displacement encoded echoes |
| DES | drug-eluting stent |
| DHHS | Department of Health and Human Services |
| DHP CCB | dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker |
| DIL | drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus |
| DM | dermatomyositis; myotonic dystrophy |
| DM-CMP | diabetes mellitus-related cardiomyopathy |
| DMD | Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| DOAC | direct-acting oral anticoagulant |
| DOCA | deoxycorticosterone acetate |
| DORV | double-outlet right ventricle |
| DPP-IV | dipeptidyl peptidase IV |
| DR | Dahl salt-resistant |
| DS | Dahl salt-sensitive; diameter stenosis |
| DSA | digital subtraction angiography |
| DSCR | Down syndrome critical region |
| DSE | dobutamine stress echocardiography |
| DT | destination therapy |
| DTI | direct thrombin inhibitor |
| DTS | Duke treadmill score |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis |
| DWORF | dwarf open reading frame |
| EA | effective arterial elastance |
| EAD | early after depolarization |
| EARLY ACS | Early Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome |
| EBCT | electron beam computed tomography |
| EBV | Ebstein-Barr virus |
| EC | excitation- contraction |
| ECG | electrocardiogram; electrocardiography |
| ECGI | electrocardiographic imaging |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| ECMO | extracorporeal membrane oxygenation |
| ECV | effective circulatory volume; extracellular volume |
| ED | emergency department; endothelial dysfunction |
| EDC | endocrine- disrupting compound |
| EDCF | endothelium-derived constricting factor |
| EDHF | endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor |
| EDP | end-diastolic pressure |
| EDPVR | end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship |
| EDRF | endothelium-derived relaxing factor |
| EDS IV | Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |
| EDV | end-diastolic volume |
| EEM | external elastic membrane |
| Ees | end-systolic elastance |
| EET | epoxyeicosatrienoic (acid) |
| EF | ejection fraction |
| EFFECT | Enhanced Feedback for Effective Cardiac Treatment |
| EFNB2 | ephrin-B2 |
| EGE | early gadolinium enhancement |
| eGFR | estimated glomerular filtration rate |
| EGPA | eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
| EHRA | European Heart Rhythm Association |
| ELI | energy loss index |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| EMB | endomyocardial biopsy |
| EMF | endomyocardial fibrosis |
| EMI | electromagnetic interference |
| EMS | emergency medical services |
| EMT | epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition |
| ENaC | epithelial sodium channel |
| EndMT | endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition |
| eNOS | endothelial nitric oxide synthase type III |
| EOA | effective orifice area |
| EP | electrophysiology |
| EPC | endothelial progenitor cell |
| EPD | embolic protection device |
| EPDC | epicardial- derived cells |
| EPS | electrophysiologic study |
| ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
| ERA | endothelin receptor agonist |
| ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| EROA | effective regurgitant orifice area |
| ERP | effective refractory period |
| ERS | early repolarization syndrome |
| ESC | embryonic stem cell; European Society of Cardiology |
| ESCAPE | Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization and Effectiveness |
| ESPVR | end-systolic pressure-volume relationship |
| ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| ESRD | end-stage renal disease |
| ESS | endothelial shear stress |
| ESSENCE | Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non–Q-Wave Coronary Events |
| ESV | end-systolic volume |
| ET | endothelin |
| ET-1 | endothelin-1 |
| ETA | endothelin receptor type A |
| ETB | endothelin receptor type B |
| ETT | exercise treadmill test |
| EVEREST | Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study With Tolvaptan |
| FA | femoral artery; fibroatheroma |
| FAC | fractional area change |
| FAP | familial amyloid polyneuropathy |
| FCTC | Framework Convention on Tobacco Control |
| FD | fractal dimension |
| FDA | US Food and Drug Administration |
| FDCM | familial dilated cardiomyopathy |
| FDG | fluorodeoxyglucose |
| FFR | fractional flow reserve |
| FFRCT | fractional flow reserve computed tomography |
| FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
| FH | familial hypercholesterolemia |
| FHF | first heart field |
| FH-I | familial hyperaldosteronism type I |
| FH-II | familial hyperaldosteronism type II |
| FMD | fibromuscular dysplasia |
| FMF | familial Mediterranean fever |
| FRDA | Friedrich ataxia |
| FRS | Framingham Risk Score |
| FSE | fast spin echo |
| FTAAD | familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection |
| FXa | factor Xa |
| GAS | group A Streptococcus |
| GBCA | gadolinium-based contrast agent |
| GBD | Global Burden of Disease |
| GCA | giant-cell arteritis |
| GCM | giant cell myocarditis |
| GCV | great cardiac vein |
| GDF-15 | growth differentiation factor-15 |
| GDP | gross domestic product |
| GEP | gene expression profile |
| GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
| GH | growth hormone |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| GLP-1 | glucagon-like peptide-1 |
| GLS | global longitudinal strain |
| GP | glycoprotein |
| GPI | glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor |
| GRACE | Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events |
| GRK | G protein-coupled receptor kinase |
| GSK-3 | glycogen synthase kinase-3 |
| GSV | great saphenous vein |
| GUSTO | Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries |
| GWAS | genome-wide association studies |
| GWTG | Get with the Guidelines |
| GWTG-HF | Get with the Guidelines-Heart Failure |
| HAART | highly active antiretroviral therapy |
| HACEK | Haemophilus species, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella species |
| HAID | heritable autoinflammatory disorder |
| HANA | HIV-associated non-AIDS illnesses |
| HBP | His bundle pacing |
| HCII | heparin cofactor II |
| HCM | hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| HCMV | human cytomegalovirus |
| HCN | hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel |
| HD | hemodialysis |
| HDAC | histone deacetylase |
| HDE | high-dose epinephrine |
| HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
| HDL-C | high-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| HES | hypereosinophilic syndromes |
| HETE | hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid |
| HF | heart failure |
| HFpEF | heart failure with preserved ejection fraction |
| HFQRS | high-frequency mid-QRS |
| HFrEF | heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| HH | hereditary hemochromatosis |
| HHV | human herpesviruses |
| HIF | hypoxia-inducible factor |
| H-ISDN | hydralazine plus isosorbide dinitrate |
| HIT | heparin-induced thrombocytopenia |
| HITS | high-intensity transient signals |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| HLA | human leukocyte antigen |
| HMG-CoA | hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A |
| hNET1 | human norepinephrine transporter 1 |
| HOCM | hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy |
| HPAH | heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension |
| HR | hazard ratio; heart rate |
| HRmax | maximum heart rate |
| HRS | Heart Rhythm Society |
| HS | hemorrhagic stroke |
| hs-CRP | high-sensitivity C-reactive protein |
| hsTn | highly sensitive troponin |
| I-1 | (protein phosphatase) inhibitor-1 |
| IAB | intra-aortic balloon |
| IABP | intra-aortic balloon pump |
| IC | intracoronary |
| ICa | calcium current |
| ICA | internal carotid artery; invasive coronary angiography |
| ICa,L | L-type calcium current |
| ICAM | intercellular adhesion molecule |
| ICD | implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; International Classification of Diseases |
| ICE | International Collaboration on Endocarditis; intracardiac echocardiography |
| ICM | ischemic cardiomyopathy |
| IDF | International Diabetes Foundation |
| IDTCFA | intravascular ultrasound– derived thin cap fibroatheroma |
| IDU | injection drug user |
| IE | infective endocarditis |
| IEM | internal elastic membrane |
| If | hyperpolarization- activated pacemaker current |
| IFN | interferon |
| IFN-β | interferon-β |
| iFR | instantaneous wave-free ratio |
| Ig | immunoglobulin |
| IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor-1 |
| IHA | idiopathic hyperaldosteronism |
| IHCA | in-hospital cardiac arrest |
| IHD | ischemic heart disease |
| IHR | intrinsic heart rate |
| IK | potassium channel |
| IKAS | apamin-sensitive SK current |
| IKr | rapid outward potassium current |
| IKs | slow outward potassium current |
| IL | interleukin |
| ILD | interstitial lung disease |
| IMR | index of microcirculatory resistance; ischemic mitral regurgitation |
| INa | sodium channel current |
| INaL | late sodium current |
| INCX | sodium-calcium exchange current |
| iNOS | inducible nitric oxide synthase; nitric oxide synthase type II |
| INR | international normalized ratio |
| InsP3 | inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate |
| INTERMACS | Interagency Registry of Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support |
| IOM | Institute of Medicine |
| IP3 | inositol triphosphate |
| IPAC | Investigations of Pregnancy- Associated Cardiomyopathy |
| IPAH | idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension |
| IPC | ischemic preconditioning |
| IPF | idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
| IPH | inferoposterior hemiblock |
| IPost | ischemic postconditioning |
| iPSC | induced pluripotent stem cell |
| iPSC-CM | induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte |
| IQR | interquartile range |
| IRI | ischemia/reperfusion injury |
| IRIS | immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome |
| IS | ischemic stroke |
| ISAR-REACT | Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment |
| ISFC | International Society and Federation of Cardiology |
| ISHLT | International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation |
| IST | inappropriate sinus tachycardia |
| Ito | transient outward current |
| IUGR | intrauterine growth restriction |
| IV | intravenous |
| IVC | inferior vena cava |
| IVDC | intraventricular conduction defect |
| IVIG | intravenous immunoglobulin |
| IVPA | intravascular photoacoustic (imaging) |
| IVUS | intravascular ultrasound |
| IVUS-VH | intravascular ultrasound virtual histology |
| JMH | Japanese Ministry of Health |
| JNC | Joint National Committee |
| JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| Km | Michaelis constant |
| KO | knockout |
| KS | Kaposi sarcoma |
| LA | left atrial/atrium |
| LAA | left artery/atrial appendage |
| LAD | left anterior descending coronary artery |
| LAE | left atrial enlargement |
| LAO | left anterior oblique |
| LAP | low attenuation plaque |
| LBBB | left bundle-branch block |
| LCAT | lecithin- cholesterol acyl transferase |
| LCC | left coronary cusp |
| LCP | lipid core plaque |
| LCSD | left cardiac sympathetic denervation |
| LCX | left circumflex artery |
| LDF | laser Doppler fluximetry |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| LDL-C | low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| LDLR | low-density lipoprotein receptor |
| LDS | Loeys-Dietz syndrome |
| LGB | laparoscopic gastric banding |
| LGE | late gadolinium-enhanced (imaging) |
| LIMA | left internal mammary artery |
| LM | left main |
| LMICs | low- and middle-income countries |
| LMWH | low-molecular-weight heparin |
| lncRNA | long ncRNA |
| LOE | level of evidence |
| LOX | lysyl-oxidase |
| Lp(a) | lipoprotein(a) |
| LPL | lipoprotein lipase |
| LQTS | long QT syndrome |
| LRI | lower-rate interval |
| LSS | laminar shear stress |
| LUCAS | Lund University Cardiac Arrest System |
| LV | left ventricle/ventricular |
| LVAD | left ventricular assist device |
| LVE | left ventricular enlargement |
| LVEDP | left ventricular end-diastolic pressure |
| LVEF | left ventricular ejection fraction |
| LVH | left ventricular hypertrophy |
| LVNC | left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy |
| LVOT | left ventricular outflow tract |
| LVOTO | left ventricular outflow tract obstruction |
| MA | mitral annulus; mycotic aneurysm |
| MAC | mitral annual/annulus calcification |
| MACCE | major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events |
| MACE | major adverse cardiac event |
| MAF | minor allele frequency |
| MAGE | Mean Amplitude Glucose Excursions |
| MAGGIC | Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure |
| MAP | mean arterial pressure |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| Mbp | million base pairs |
| MC4R | melanocortin 4 receptors |
| MCA | middle cerebral artery |
| MCP-1 | monocyte chemotactic protein-1 |
| MCS | mechanical circulatory support |
| MDCT | multidetector computed tomography |
| MEN | multiple endocrine neoplasia |
| MESA | Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis |
| MET | metabolic equivalent |
| MetS | metabolic syndrome |
| MFS | Marfan syndrome |
| MHC | myosin heavy chain |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| MIM | Mendelian Inheritance in Man |
| MIRACL | Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering |
| miRNA | microRNA |
| MLA | minimum luminal (cross-sectional) area |
| MLC | myosin light chain |
| MLC2 | myosin light chain 2 |
| mLCK | myosin light-chain kinase |
| MLD | minimal lumen diameter |
| MMP | metalloproteinase |
| MMP-9 | matrix metallopeptidase 9 |
| MOGE(S) | morphofunctional phenotype, organ(s) involvement, genetic inheritance pattern, etiologic annotation including genetic defect or underlying disease/substrate, and functional status of the disease |
| MONICA | Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease |
| MP | microparticle |
| MPA | microscopic polyangiitis |
| mPAP | mean pulmonary artery pressure |
| MPHR | maximum predicted heart rate |
| MPI | myocardial perfusion imaging |
| MPO | myeloperoxidase |
| MPR | myocardial perfusion reserve |
| MPTP | mitochondrial permeability transition pore |
| MR | mineralocorticoid receptor; mitral regurgitation |
| MRA | magnetic resonance angiography; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| MRMPI | magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging |
| mRNA | messenger ribonucleic acid |
| MRproADM | midregional pro- adrenomedullin |
| MRSA | methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
| MRV | magnetic resonance venography |
| MS | mitral stenosis |
| MSA | multiple system atrophy |
| MSC | mesenchymal stem cell |
| MSH | melanocyte stimulating hormone |
| mtDNA | mitochondrial DNA |
| mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| MTP | microsomal triglyceride transfer protein |
| MTRI | maximal tracking rate interval |
| MUGA | multi-gated acquisition |
| MV | mitral valve |
| MVA | mitral valve area |
| MVB | mixed venous blood |
| MVC | maximal voluntary contraction |
| MVO | microvascular obstruction |
| MVO2 | maximal venous oxygen; |
| myocardial oxygen demand |
| MVP | mitral valve prolapse |
| MVR | mitral valve replacement |
| MyBP-C | myosin-binding protein C |
| Na+-K+ ATPase | sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase |
| NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| NBT | nitroblue tetrazolium |
| NBTE | nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis |
| NC | noncompacted |
| NC/C | noncompacted-to-compacted ratio |
| NCD | noncommunicable disease |
| NCDR | National Cardiovascular Data Registries |
| NCEP | National Cholesterol Education Program |
| ncRNA | non-protein-coding RNA |
| ncWnt | noncanonical Wnt |
| NCX | Na+-Ca2+ exchanger |
| NE | norepinephrine |
| NEFA | nonesterified fatty acid |
| NET | neuroendocrine tumor |
| NF | normal flow |
| NFAT | nuclear factor of activated T cells |
| NGF | nerve growth factor |
| NGS | next-generation sequencing |
| NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey/Study |
| NHIS | National Health Interview Survey |
| NHLBI | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |
| NICM | nonischemic cardiomyopathy |
| NIMHD | National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities |
| NIPT | noninvasive prenatal testing |
| NIRF | near-infrared fluorescence |
| NIRS | near-infrared spectroscopy |
| NIS | Nationwide Inpatient Sample |
| NLRP3 | Nod-like receptor P3 |
| nNOS | neuronal nitric oxide synthase; nitric oxide synthase type I |
| NNRTI | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| NO | nitric oxide |
| NOAC | new orally active anticoagulant; non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; novel oral anticoagulant |
| NOS | nitric oxide synthase; nitrous oxide synthase |
| NOS1 | nitrous oxide synthase type I |
| NOS3 | nitrous oxide synthase type III |
| nPA | lanoteplase |
| NPH | neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin) |
| NPPA | natriuretic peptide precursor A |
| NPV | negative predictive value |
| NPY | neuropeptide Y |
| NRMI | National Registry of Myocardial Infarction |
| NRT | nicotine replacement therapy |
| NRTI | nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| NSAID | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| NSF | nephrogenic systemic fibrosis |
| NSTE-ACS | |
| non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome |
| NSTEMI | non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction |
| NSVT | nonsustained ventricular tachycardia |
| NTG | nitroglycerin |
| NT-proBNP | N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide |
| NURD | nonuniform rotation distortion |
| NVE | native valve endocarditis |
| NYHA | New York Heart Association |
| OASIS | Organization for the Assessment of Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes |
| OCT | optical coherence tomography |
| OFDI | optical frequency domain imaging |
| OFT | outflow tract |
| OHCA | out-of-hospital cardiac arrest |
| OM | obtuse marginal |
| OMIM | Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man |
| OMT | optimal medical therapy |
| OMV | open mitral valvotomy |
| OPCAB | off-pump coronary artery bypass |
| OPO | organ procurement organization |
| OPTIMIZE-HF | Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure |
| OR | odds ratio |
| OSA | obstructive sleep apnea |
| PA | pulmonary artery |
| PAC | premature atrial contraction; pulmonary arterial catheter |
| PaCO2 | partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide |
| PAD | peripheral arterial/artery disease; public-access defibrillation |
| PAF | pure autonomic failure |
| PAH | pulmonary artery hypertension |
| PAHO | Pan-American Health Organization |
| PAI-1 | plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 |
| PAIN | priority risk, advanced risk, intermediate risk, and negative/low risk |
| PAN | polyarteritis nodosa |
| PaO2 | arterial oxygen partial pressure |
| PAP | positive airway pressure |
| PAPS | pyrin-associated periodic fevers/syndrome |
| PAR | protease-activated receptor |
| PASP | pulmonary artery systolic pressure |
| PAV | percent atheroma volume |
| PBDE | polybrominated diphenyl ether |
| PBF | pulmonary blood flow |
| PBMC | peripheral blood mononuclear cell |
| PC | phase contrast |
| PCA | posterior cerebral artery |
| PCB | polychlorinated biphenyl |
| PCCD | progressive cardiac conduction disease |
| PCD | phlegmasia cerulea dolens; primary ciliary dyskinesia |
| PCI | percutaneous coronary intervention |
| PCNA | Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association |
| PCO2 | partial pressure of carbon dioxide |
| PCORI | Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute |
| PCr | phosphocreatine |
| PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
| PCSK9 | proprotein convertase subtilisin/ kinexin 9 |
| PCTA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| PCW | pulmonary capillary wedge (pressure) |
| PCWP | pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
| PDA | patent ductus arteriosus |
| PDE | phosphodiesterase |
| PDE-5 | phosphodiesterase- 5 |
| PDGF | platelet-derived growth factor |
| PDK1 | 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 |
| PE | pulmonary embolism |
| PECAM | platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule |
| PES | programmed electrical stimulation |
| PESI | Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index |
| PESP | postextrasystolic potentiation |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| PET-CT | positron emission tomography-computed tomography |
| PFAA | perfluoroalkyl acid |
| PFO | patent foramen ovale |
| PFOA | perfluorooctanoic acid |
| PFOS | perfluorooctanyl sulfonate |
| PGC-1β | proliferator- activated receptor coactivator 1β |
| PGH2 | prostaglandin H2 |
| PGI2 | prostaglandin I2 |
| PH | pulmonary hypertension |
| PHV | prosthetic heart valve |
| PHVT | prosthetic heart valve thrombosis |
| P-IAB | partial interatrial block |
| PIIINP | N-terminal type III collagen peptide |
| PIOPED | Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis |
| PISA | proximal isovelocity surface area |
| PKA | protein kinase A |
| PKB | protein kinase B |
| PKC | protein kinase C |
| PKC-α | protein kinase C-α |
| PLATO | Study of Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes |
| PlGF | placenta growth factor |
| PM | particulate matter; positive remodeling |
| PMT | pacemaker- mediated tachycardia |
| PMVT | polymorphic ventricular tachycardia |
| PO2 | partial pressure of oxygen |
| POMC | proopiomelanocortin |
| POTS | postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome |
| PP | protein phosphatase; pulse pressure |
| PPACA | Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act |
| PPAR | peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor |
| pPCI | primary percutaneous coronary intervention |
| PPCM | peripartum cardiomyopathy |
| PPH | primary pulmonary hypertension |
| PPI | postpacing interval |
| PPMI | postprocedural myocardial infarction |
| PPV | positive predictive value |
| PR | pulmonic regurgitation |
| PRF | pulse repetition frequency |
| PROSPECT | Providing Regional Observations to Study Predictors of Events in the Coronary Tree |
| PROVE IT | Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy |
| PRP | pressure rate product |
| PS | primitive streak; pulmonic stenosis |
| PSC | pluripotent stem cell |
| PSG | polysomnography |
| PSI | proliferation signal inhibitor |
| PSVT | paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia |
| PTLD | post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder |
| PTP | permeability transition pore |
| PTS | postthrombotic syndrome |
| PTSD | posttraumatic stress disorder |
| PURE | Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (study) |
| P-V | pressure-volume |
| PV | pulmonic/pulmonary valve |
| PVA | pressure-volume area |
| PVAD | paracorporeal ventricular assist device |
| PVARP | postventricular atrial refractory period |
| PVC | premature ventricular complex; premature ventricular contraction |
| PVI | pulmonary vein isolation |
| PVOD | pulmonary veno-occlusive disease |
| PVR | pulmonary vascular resistance |
| PWD | pulsed-wave Doppler |
| PXE | pseudoxanthoma elasticum |
| Q | (cardiac) output |
| QA | quality assessment |
| QALY | quality-adjusted life-year |
| QCA | quantitative coronary angiography |
| QI | quality improvement |
| R | (cardiac) resistance |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis; right atrial/atrium |
| RAAS | renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system |
| RAE | right atrial enlargement |
| RAO | right anterior oblique |
| RBBB | right bundle-branch block |
| RBC | red blood cell |
| RCA | right coronary artery |
| RCC | right coronary cusp |
| RCM | restrictive cardiomyopathy |
| RCT | randomized controlled trial |
| RDN | renal denervation |
| REPLACE | Randomized Evaluation in PCI Linking Angiomax to Reduced Clinical Events |
| RF | radiofrequency; rheumatic fever; rheumatoid factor |
| RHD | rheumatic heart disease |
| RIC | remote ischemic conditioning |
| RIFLE | risk, injury, and heart failure, loss, and end-stage renal disease |
| RIHP | renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure |
| RISK | reperfusion injury salvage kinase |
| RNA | radionuclide angiography; ribonucleic acid |
| rNAPc2 | recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 |
| ROI | region of interest |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| ROSC | return of spontaneous circulation |
| rPA | reteplase |
| RPF | renal plasma flow |
| RR | relative risk; risk ratio |
| RT3D | real-time three-dimensional |
| rtPA | recombinant tissue plasminogen activator |
| RV | right ventricle/ventricular |
| RVE | right ventricular enlargement |
| RVEDV | right ventricular end-diastolic volume |
| RVNC | right ventricular noncompaction |
| RVOT | right ventricular outflow tract |
| RyGB | Roux-en-Y gastric bypass |
| RYR2 | ryanodine type 2 receptor |
| SA | sideroblastic anemias; sinoatrial |
| SACT | sinoatrial conduction time |
| SAECG | signal-averaged electrocardiogram |
| SAFE | survivor activator factor enhancement |
| SAH | subarachnoid hemorrhage; superoanterior hemiblock |
| SAM | systolic anterior motion |
| SAN | sinoatrial node |
| SAP | serum amyloid P component; stable angina pectoris |
| SAS | subaortic stenosis |
| SAVR | surgical aortic valve replacement |
| SBP | systolic blood pressure |
| SC | spotty calcifications; subcutaneous |
| Sca-1 | stem cell antigen-1 |
| SCAD | small capillary and arteriolar dilatation; spontaneous dissection of the coronary artery |
| SCD | sudden cardiac death |
| SD | standard deviation |
| SDB | sleep-disordered breathing |
| SDE | single-dose epinephrine |
| SDS | summed differences score |
| SERCA | sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase |
| SERCA2 | sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase2 |
| SES | sirolimus-eluting stent; socioeconomic status |
| SFA | subcutaneous fat aspiration |
| SG | sleeve gastrectomy |
| SGNA | stellate ganglion nerve activity |
| SHF | second heart field |
| S-ICD | subcutaneous ICD |
| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome |
| SIHD | stable ischemic heart disease |
| SK | small conductance calcium-activated potassium current; streptokinase |
| SLE | systemic lupus erythematosus |
| SND | sinus node dysfunction |
| SNP | single nucleotide polymorphism |
| SNRT | sinus node recovery time |
| SNS | sympathetic nervous system |
| SNV | single nucleotide variant |
| SOICR | store overload-induced calcium release |
| SP | secondary prevention |
| SPECT | single-photon emission tomography |
| sPESI | Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index |
| SPRINT | Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial |
| SQTS | short QT syndrome |
| SR | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| SRS | summed rest score |
| SS | SYNTAX Score |
| SSFP | steady-state free precession |
| SSS | sick sinus syndrome; summed stress score |
| sST2 | soluble ST2 |
| SSV | small saphenous vein |
| START | Screening Tool to Alert Doctors to the Right Treatment |
| STE-ACS | ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome |
| STEMI | ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction |
| STIR | short tau inversion recovery |
| STOPP | Screening Tool of Older People’s Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions |
| STP | superficial thrombophlebitis |
| STS | Society of Thoracic Surgeons |
| SUDS | sudden unexpected death syndrome |
| SUMO-1 | small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 |
| SUR | sulfonylurea receptor |
| SUV | standard uptake value |
| SV | stroke volume |
| SVAS | supravalvar aortic stenosis |
| SVC | superior vena cava |
| SVR | systemic vascular resistance |
| SVT | supraventricular tachycardia |
| SYNERGY | Superior Yield of the New Strategy of Enoxaparin, Revascularization, and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors |
| SYNTAX | Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery |
| T2D | type 2 diabetes |
| TA | Takayasu arteritis; tricuspid valve |
| TAA | thoracic aortic aneurysm |
| TAAD | thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection |
| TAH | total artificial heart |
| TAP | transmembrane action potential |
| TAPSE | tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion |
| TARP | total atrial refractory period |
| TAV | total atheroma volume |
| TAVR | transcatheter aortic valve replacement |
| TBR | target-to- background ratio |
| TCAR | transcarotid artery revascularization |
| TCCD | 2,3,7,8-tetracloro-p- dibenzodioxin |
| Tcf/Lef | T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor |
| TCFA | thin cap fibroatheroma |
| TCPO2 | transcutaneous oxygen pressure measurement |
| TCPV | transcatheter pulmonary valve |
| TD | time-domain |
| TDI | tissue Doppler imaging |
| TD-OCT | time-domain optical coherence tomography |
| TDP | torsades de pointes |
| TEE | transesophageal echocardiography |
| TENS | transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation |
| TF | tissue factor; transcription factor |
| TGA | transposition of the great arteries |
| TGF | transforming growth factor |
| TGF-β | transforming growth factor beta |
| TGRL | triglyceride-rich lipoprotein |
| TH | therapeutic hypothermia |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
| TID | transient ischemic dilation |
| TIMACS | Timing of Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome |
| TIMI | thrombolysis in myocardial infarction |
| TIMP | tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase |
| TIMP-1 | tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 |
| TIPS | transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt |
| TKI | tyrosine-kinase inhibitor |
| TLE | transvenous lead extraction |
| TLR | toll-like receptor |
| TMCR | transcatheter mitral valve replacement |
| TnC | troponin C |
| TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
| TNF-I | tumor necrosis factor inhibitor |
| TnI | troponin I |
| TNK | tenecteplase |
| TNM | tumor-node-metastasis |
| TnT | troponin T |
| ToF | tetralogy of Fallot |
| TOF | time of flight |
| TOK | triangle of Koch |
| TOPCAT | Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist |
| TOS | The Obesity Society |
| TP | thromboxane |
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator |
| TPD | total perfusion deficit |
| TPR | total peripheral (vascular) resistance |
| TR | tricuspid regurgitation |
| TRFS | time-resolved spectroscopy |
| TRITON | Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel |
| TRO | triple rule-out |
| TS | tricuspid stenosis |
| TTC | triphenyl tetrazolium chloride |
| TTE | transthoracic echocardiography |
| TTM | Therapeutic Temperature Management |
| TTR | transthyretin |
| TTS | Takotsubo syndrome |
| TUNEL | terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling |
| TV | tricuspid valve; transplant vasculopathy |
| TVR | transcatheter heart valve |
| TWA | T-wave alternans |
| TWI | T-wave inversion |
| TXA2 | thromboxane A2 |
| TZD | thiazolidinedione |
| UA | unstable angina |
| UF | ultrafiltration |
| UFH | unfractionated heparin |
| UI | uncertainty interval |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| UNOS | United Network for Organ Sharing |
| UPR | unfolded protein response |
| URI | upper rate interval |
| URL | upper reference limit |
| USPIO | ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide |
| UTR | untranslated region |
| V/Q | ventilation- perfusion |
| VA | venoarterial; ventriculoatrial; vertebral artery |
| VAD | ventricular assist device |
| VC | vena contracta |
| VCAM | vascular cell adhesion molecule |
| VCD | vascular closure device |
| VCG | vectorcardiography |
| Vco2 | carbon dioxide elimination |
| VE | vascular endothelial; volume of expired gas |
| VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
| VF | ventricular fibrillation |
| VHA | Veterans Health Administration |
| VHD | valvular heart disease |
| VH-IVUS | virtual histology intravascular ultrasound |
| VinV | valve-in-valve (therapy) |
| VKA | vitamin K antagonist |
| VLDL | very low-density lipoprotein |
| Vm | membrane potential |
| VO2 | oxygen uptake |
| VO2max | maximal oxygen consumption |
| VRP | ventricular refractory period |
| VSD | ventricular septal defect |
| VSMC | vascular smooth muscle cell |
| VT | ventricular tachycardia |
| VTC | virtual ring to coronary ostial distance |
| VTE | venous thromboembolism |
| VV | ventrovenous |
| vWF | von Willebrand factor |
| WBC | white blood cell |
| WC | waist circumference |
| WCD | wearable cardioverter-defibrillator |
| WG | Wegener granulomatosis |
| WHF | World Heart Federation |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WOEST | What is the Optimal Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients with Oral Anticoagulation and Coronary Stenting |
| WPW | Wolff-Parkinson-White (syndrome) |
| WRF | worsening renal function |
| XL | x-linked |
| XLR | x-linked recessive inheritance |
| YLDs | years lived with disability |
| YLLs | years of life lost |