RT Book, Section
A1 Prasad, Kailash
A2 Dieter, Robert S.
A2 Dieter, Raymond A.
A2 Dieter, Raymond A.
SR Print(0)
ID 1127165056
T1 Hypertension
T2 Peripheral Arterial Disease
YR 2009
FD 2009
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9780071481793
LK accesscardiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1127165056
RD 2024/04/19
AB Hypertension  accounts  for  6%  of  deaths  worldwide.  In  Canada,  the  overall  prevalence  of  hypertension  was  22%  and  was  higher  in  men  (26%)  than  in  women  (18%)  in  a  survey  done  between  1986  and  1992.1  Hypertension  prevalence  increases  progressively  with  age,  being  lower  in  women  than  men  aged  18  to  34  years  (2%  vs.11%)  and  aged  35  to  64  years  (21%  vs.  31%).1,2  However,  in  the  group  aged  65  to  74,  women  had  a  higher  prevalence  than  men  (58%  vs.  56%).  The  overall  prevalence  of  hypertension  in  the  United  States  in  2004  was  72  000  000  (33  000  000  males;  39  000  000  females).  A  higher  percentage  of  men  than  women  have  hypertension  until  age  45  years.  The  percentage  of  hypertension  is  similar  in  men  and  women  between  the  ages  of  45  and  54.  After  the  age  of  54,  a  higher  percentage  of  women  have  hypertension  than  men.  It  is  estimated  that  middle-aged  North  Americans  have  a  90%  life-time  risk  of  developing  hypertension.  The  prevalence  of  hypertension  is  higher  in  southeastern  United  States  as  compared  to  other  regions.3  Hypertension  in  black  men  and  women  in  the  southern  states  is  higher  (35–34%)  as  compared  to  other  parts  of  the  United  States  (27–33%).  The  prevalence  of  hypertension  in  white  men  and  women  in  the  southern  United  States  is  slightly  higher  (21.5%  to  26.5%)  as  compared  to  other  parts  of  the  United  States  (21%  to  24.3%).  When  Canadian  survey  data  were  compared  to  similar  data  from  the  United  States,  hypertension  prevalence  was  similar  between  the  two  countries  (20.1%  vs.  21.1%,  Canadian  vs.  American),  but  awareness  of  the  diagnosis  (69%  vs.  57%),  and  treatment  of  hypertension  (52%  vs.  34%)  were  substantially  higher  in  the  United  States  than  in  Canada.1  Recent  data  from  the  United  States  show  a  further  improvement  in  treatment  and  control  rates.  There  was  a  large  increase  in  diagnosis  (51%)  and  treatment  (66%)  of  hypertension  between  1994  and  2003.4  There  is  substantial  evidence  that  the  patient  management  guidelines  are  not  followed  frequently,  and  the  current  practice  patterns  present  a  major  barrier  to  treatment  and  control  of  hypertension.5  It  is  not  only  the  treatment  practice  but  also  the  pathophysiology  of  the  disease  that  affects  the  outcome.  There  has  been  advancement  in  understanding  the  mechanism  of  the  disease  and  in  diagnostic  and  treatment  modalities.  This  chapter  will  deal  with  the  definition  of  hypertension,  measurement  of  blood  pressure,  epidemiology,  pathophysiology,  complications,  and  treatment.